Do People Killed by Gamma Radiation Continue to Melt After Death

Nuclear and radiation accidents by casualties

There have been several nuclear and radiation accidents involving fatalities, including nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear submarine accidents, and radiotherapy incidents.

List of accidents [edit]

Fatalities	Incident	Date	Details
disputed	Kyshtym disaster	1957, September 29	Death count unknown, estimates range from 50 to more than 9,000
disputed	Chernobyl disaster	1986, April 26	[1] In total 78 died up until 2004 (31 due to the explosion, 28 due to radioactivity during cleanup, and an additional 19 for the same reason up until 2004) [2]
100+ (disputed)	Windscale fire	1957, October 8	A 1988 UK government estimate stated that there would be around 100 deaths by 2007 as a result of exposure to radioactive material.[3] [4] More recent academic research carried out in 2007 estimated that 100 to 240 deaths were caused by the radiation leak.[5] [6] [7]
1 (disputed)	Fukushima nuclear disaster	2011 March	In 2018, 1 cancer death of a man who worked at the plant at the time of the accident was attributed to radiation exposure by a Japanese government panel.[8] [9] It has been suggested that 2,202 died as a result of the stresses of evacuation.[10] The overall death count as a result of the accident is disputed.[ by whom? ]
17	Instituto Oncológico Nacional of Panama	2000 August – 2001 March	Patients receiving treatment for prostate cancer and cancer of the cervix receive lethal doses of radiation.[11] [12]
13	Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica	1996	114 patients received an overdose of radiation from a cobalt-60 source that was being used for radiotherapy.[13] : 299, 303
11	Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza, Spain	1990 December	Cancer patients receiving radiotherapy; 27 patients were injured.[14]
10	Soviet submarine K-431 reactor accident	1985, August 10	49 people suffered radiation injuries.[15]
10	Columbus radiotherapy accident	1974–1976	88 injuries from cobalt-60 source.[12] [16]
9	Soviet submarine K-27 reactor accident	1968, May 24	83 people were injured.[12]
8	Soviet submarine K-19 reactor accident	1961, July 4	More than 30 people were over-exposed to radiation.[17]
8	Radiation accident in Morocco	1984 March	At least 8 people died.	[18]
7	Houston radiotherapy accident	1980	[12] [16]
5	Lost radiation source, Baku, Azerbaijan, USSR	1982, October 5	13 injuries.[12]
4	Goiânia accident	1987, September 13	249 people received a large radiation dose from a lost radiotherapy source.[19]
4	Radiation accident in Mexico City	1962
3	SL-1 accident (US Army)	1961, January 3	All three of the experimental reactor crew died.
3	Samut Prakan radiation accident	2000 February	Three deaths and ten injuries resulted when a radiation-therapy unit was dismantled.[20]
2	Tokaimura nuclear accident	1999, September 30	[21]
2	Meet Halfa, Egypt	2000 May	two fatalities due to radiography accident.[22]
1	Mayapuri radiological accident, India	2010 April	[20]
1	Daigo Fukuryū Maru	1954, March 1	crewman of a Japanese fishing boat exposed to nuclear fallout from the Castle Bravo test
1	Louis Slotin	1946, May 21	criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico with same plutonium bomb core as the Daghlian accident
1	Harry Daghlian	1945, August 21	criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico with a plutonium bomb core
1	Cecil Kelley criticality accident	1958, December 30	criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory.[23]
1	Wood River Junction, Rhode Island	1964	Operator error at nuclear facility, Robert Peabody died 49 hours later
1	Constituyentes Atomic Center	1983, September 23	Malfunction INES level 4 at RA2 reactor in Argentina, operator Osvaldo Rogulich died days later.
1	San Salvador, El Salvador	1989	one fatality due to violation of safety rules at 60Co irradiation facility.[22]
1	Tammiku, Estonia	1994	one fatality from disposed 137Cs source.[22]
1	Sarov, Russia	1997 June	one fatality due to violation of safety rules.[22]

A safety poster designed for engineering offices depicting the melted SL-1 reactor core.^[24]

Events with disputed fatality counts [edit]

Chernobyl disaster [edit]

The abandoned city of Pripyat with the Chernobyl plant in the distance.

Estimates of the total number of deaths potentially resulting from the Chernobyl disaster vary enormously: A UNSCEAR report proposes 45 total confirmed deaths from the accident as of 2008^[update].^[1] This number includes 2 non-radiation related fatalities from the accident itself, 28 fatalities from radiation doses in the immediate following months and 15 fatalities due to thyroid cancer likely caused by iodine-131 contamination; it does not include 19 additional individuals initially diagnosed with acute radiation syndrome who had also died as of 2006^[update], but who are not believed to have died due to radiation doses.^[25] The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested in 2006 that cancer deaths could reach 4,000 among the 600,000 most heavily exposed people, a group which includes emergency workers, nearby residents, and evacuees, but excludes residents of low-contaminated areas.^[26] A 2006 report, commissioned by the anti nuclear German political party The Greens and sponsored by the Altner Combecher Foundation, predicted 30,000 to 60,000 cancer deaths as a result of worldwide Chernobyl fallout by assuming a linear no-threshold model for very low doses.^[27] A Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200,000 or more.^[28] A disputed Russian publication, Chernobyl, concludes that 985,000 premature deaths occurred worldwide between 1986 and 2004 as a result of radioactive contamination from Chernobyl.^[29]

Kyshtym disaster [edit]

The Kyshtym disaster, which occurred at Mayak in Russia on 29 September 1957, was rated as a level 6 on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the third most severe incident after Chernobyl and Fukushima. Because of the intense secrecy surrounding Mayak, it is difficult to estimate the death toll of Kyshtym. One book claims that "in 1992, a study conducted by the Institute of Biophysics at the former Soviet Health Ministry in Chelyabinsk found that 8,015 people had died within the preceding 32 years as a result of the accident."^[30] By contrast, only 6,000 death certificates have been found for residents of the Tech riverside between 1950 and 1982 from all causes of death,^[31] though perhaps the Soviet study considered a larger geographic area affected by the airborne plume. The most commonly quoted estimate is 200 deaths due to cancer, but the origin of this number is not clear. More recent epidemiological studies suggest that around 49 to 55 cancer deaths among riverside residents can be associated to radiation exposure.^[31] This would include the effects of all radioactive releases into the river, 98% of which happened long before the 1957 accident, but it would not include the effects of the airborne plume that was carried north-east.^[32] The area closest to the accident produced 66 diagnosed cases of chronic radiation syndrome, providing the bulk of the data about this condition.^{[13] : 15–29}

Windscale fire [edit]

The Windscale fire resulted when uranium metal fuel ignited inside plutonium production piles; surrounding dairy farms were contaminated.^{[33] [34]} The severity of the incident was covered up at the time by the UK government, as Prime Minister Harold Macmillan feared that it would harm British nuclear relations with America, and so original reports on the disaster and its health impacts were subject to heavy censorship.^[7] The severity of the radioactive fallout was played down, and the release of a highly dangerous isotope during the fire, Polonium-210, was covered up at the time.^[35]

Partly because of this, consensus on the precise number of cancer deaths caused in the long term as a result of the radiation leak has changed over time as more information on the incident has come to light.^[36] Taking into account the impact of the release of Polonium-210 for the first time, a 1983 UK government report estimated at least 33 cancer fatalities as a result of the incident.^{[37] [33] [34]} An updated 1988 UK government report estimated that 100 fatalities "probably" resulted from cancers as a result of the releases over 40 to 50 years.^{[3] [4]} In 2007, the 50-year anniversary of the fire, new academic research into the health effects of the incident was published by Richard Wakeford, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester's Dalton Nuclear Institute, and by former UK Atomic Energy Authority researcher, John Garland.^[6] Their study concluded that because the actual amount of radiation released in the fire could be double the previous estimates, and that the radioactive plume actually travelled further east, there were 100 to 240 cancer fatalities in the long term as a result of the fire.^{[7] [6]}

Fukushima disaster [edit]

In a 2013 report, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) stated the overall health risks from the Fukushima disaster to be far lower than those of Chernobyl.^[38] There have been no observed or expected deterministic effects. In pregnancies, there has been no expected increase in spontaneous abortions, miscarriages, perinatal mortality, birth defects, or cognitive impairment. Finally, there was no expected discernible increase in heritable disease or discernible radiation-related increases in any cancers, with the possible exception of thyroid cancer. However, the high detection rates of thyroid nodules, cysts, and cancer may be a consequence of intensive screening. In a 2015 white paper, UNSCEAR stated its findings from 2013 remain valid and largely unaffected by new information, and the new information further supports the statement that high thyroid detection is likely due to more intensive screening.^[39]

As of 2012 none of the workers at the Fukushima Daiichi site had died from acute radiation poisoning,^[40] though six workers died due to various reasons, including cardiovascular disease, during the containment efforts or work to stabilize the earthquake and tsunami damage to the site.^[40] In 2018 a worker in charge of measuring radiation after the meltdown, who was in his 50s, died from lung cancer; he had been diagnosed in 2016 and his death was attributed to his radiation exposure.^[41]

In contrast, an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal cites a 2013 Japanese study, which concluded that mortality due to "evacuation stress" from the area around Fukushima had reached more than 1600. This includes deaths from suicide and lack of access to critical health care, but not from radiation, increased cancer, or any other direct result of the nuclear accident. The author also states these deaths occurred among people who had been evacuated from areas where the radiation posed little or no risk to their health, areas where they would experience less exposure than the normal amount received by residents in Finland.^{[42] [43]}

There was a class action lawsuit brought by a few sailors from USS Ronald Reagan against Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO) and GE. They claimed to be suffering severe radiation induced illnesses. Ronald Reagan was part of the operation "Tomodachi" to deliver essential supplies to devastated communities in the wake of the Tsunami on March 11, 2011. This lawsuit was dismissed.^{[44] [ unreliable source? ]}

See also [edit]

• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} UNSCEAR (2008). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Volume 1 (Report). United Nations.
2. ^ "Chernobyl Accident 1986". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
3. ^ ^{a b} Arnold, Lorna (1995). Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (Second ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 152. ISBN9781349240081.
4. ^ ^{a b} Brown, Paul (26 August 1999). "Windscale's terrible legacy". The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2020.
5. ^ Black, Richard (18 March 2011). "Fukushima - disaster or distraction?". BBC News . Retrieved 30 June 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Ahlstrom, Dick (8 October 2007). "The unacceptable toll of Britain's nuclear disaster". The Irish Times . Retrieved 15 June 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Highfield, Roger (9 October 2007). "Windscale fire: 'We were too busy to panic'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
8. ^ "Japan acknowledges first radiation death from nuclear plant hit by tsunami". ABC News. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
9. ^ "Fukushima nuclear disaster: Japan confirms first worker death from radiation". BBC News. BBC. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
10. ^ Robin Harding. "Fukushima nuclear disaster: did the evacuation raise the death toll?". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
11. ^ "Investigation of an accidental Exposure of radiotherapy patients in Panama - International Atomic Energy Agency" (PDF). Report of a Team of Experts, 26 May–1 June 2001. International Atomic Energy Agency.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e} Johnston, Robert (September 23, 2007). "Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation casualties". Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events.
13. ^ ^{a b} Gusev, Igor A.; Guskova, Angelina Konstantinovna; Mettler, Fred Albert (28 March 2001). Medical Management of Radiation Accidents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN978-0-8493-7004-5 . Retrieved 20 March 2021.
14. ^ Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine p. 15.
15. ^ "The Worst Nuclear Disasters". TIME.com. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
16. ^ ^{a b} Ricks, Robert C.; et al. (2000). "REAC/TS Radiation Accident Registry: Update of Accidents in the United States" (PDF). International Radiation Protection Association. p. 6.
17. ^ Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine p. 14.
18. ^ "Lost Iridium-192 Source". Retrieved 15 November 2014.
19. ^ The Radiological Accident in Goiania p. 2.
20. ^ ^{a b} Pallava Bagla. "Radiation Accident a 'Wake-Up Call' For India's Scientific Community" Science, Vol. 328, 7 May 2010, p. 679.
21. ^ Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, p. 399.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} István Turai and Katalin Veress (2001). "Radiation Accidents: Occurrence, Types, Consequences, Medical Management, and the Lessons to be Learned". CEJOEM. pp. Vol.7. No.1.:3–14. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-09-01 .
23. ^ McInroy, James F. (1995), "A true measure of plutonium exposure: the human tissue analysis program at Los Alamos" (PDF), Los Alamos Science, 23: 235–255
24. ^ Mahaffey, James (2010). Atomic Awakening. Pegasus Books. ISBN978-1605982038.
25. ^ UNSCEAR (2008). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Volume 2 (Report). United Nations. pp. 58, 64–65.
26. ^ "Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident". Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts . Retrieved 2011-04-15 .
27. ^ "Torch: The Other Report On Chernobyl- executive summary". European Greens and UK scientists Ian Fairlie PhD and David Sumner - Chernobylreport.org. April 2006. Retrieved 2011-08-20 .
28. ^ "The Chernobyl Catastrophe – Consequences on Human Health" (PDF). Greenpeace. 18 April 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
29. ^ Alexey V. Yablokov; Vassily B. Nesterenko; Alexey V. Nesterenko (2009). Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) (paperback ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-1-57331-757-3.
30. ^ Schlager, Neil (1994). When Technology Fails. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN0-8103-8908-8.
31. ^ ^{a b} Standring, William J.F.; Dowdall, Mark; Strand, Per (2009). "Overview of Dose Assessment Developments and the Health of Riverside Residents Close to the "Mayak" PA Facilities, Russia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (1): 174–199. doi:10.3390/ijerph6010174. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC2672329. PMID 19440276.
32. ^ "The Southern Urals radiation studies: A reappraisal of the current status" (PDF). Journal of Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 41. 2002.
33. ^ ^{a b} "Perhaps the Worst, Not the First". Time. TIME magazine. 12 May 1986. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008.
34. ^ ^{a b} Sovacool, Benjamin K. (August 2010). "A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 40 (3): 393. doi:10.1080/00472331003798350. S2CID 154882872.
35. ^ The BBC (1999). "Disaster - The Windscale Fire" (TV Documentary). BBC Two. Series 3. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
36. ^ Arnold, Lorna (1995). Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (Second ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 147. ISBN9781349240081.
37. ^ Arnold, Lorna (1995). Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (Second ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 147. ISBN9781349240081.
38. ^ UNSCEAR (2014). Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation (Report). United Nations.
39. ^ jaya.mohan. "Fukushima". Retrieved 15 November 2014.
40. ^ ^{a b} "No visible effects detected on workers in Japan nuclear plant, UN assessment finds". UN News Centre. United Nations. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
41. ^ "Japan confirms first Fukushima worker death from radiation". BBC News. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
42. ^ Holman W. Jenkins Jr. (1 December 2015). "A Nuclear Paradigm Shift?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015.
43. ^ Holman W. Jenkins Jr. (7 December 2015). 【オピニオン】原子力の安全性めぐるパラダイムシフト、誇張された被ばくリスク. The Wall Street Journal (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2015.
44. ^ Conca, James (28 May 2020). "Court Reject U.S. Sailors' Lawsuit Over Fukushima Radiation Exposure". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021.

External links [edit]

• The Worst Nuclear Disasters TIME magazine

bothwellthesight.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll

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